Grice会话“合作原则”与词语语用意义的形成

在言语交际中,违反合作原则中某条或多条准则以后就会产生会话含义,相关词语的语用意义也就随之产生。因此,运用Grice的"合作原则"理论确定词语的语用意义是了解词语语用意义生成的一个重要途径。主要体现在对质准则、量准则、关联准则和方式准则的违反上。     

基于核心能力培养的食品专业生物化学教学探索与实践

以提升食品专业学生核心能力为指引,在生物化学教学中,围绕大学生核心能力形成的3个重要因素:知识+技能(方法)+兴趣,合理构建课程内容体系,优化教学内容,不断改革教学方法,加强实践教学环节,调动学生学习的兴趣和积极主动性,培养学生的科学素养、实践能力、创新能力、团队合作能力等多种能力,提升学生的核心能力。     

The Use of a GUS Transformant of Trichoderma Harzianum, Strain T3a, to Study Metabolic Activity in the Spermosphere and Rhizosphere Related to Biocontrol of Pythium Damping-off And Root Rot

The activity of Trichoderma harzianum in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of different plant species was studied by use of a beta-glucuronidase (GUS) transformant (strain T3a). Hereby, direct observation of micro-habitats supporting metabolic activity of T. harzianum is reported. Germination of conidia and mycelial growth were not supported by exudates from healthy roots of various ages. Instead, growth and activity of T. harzianum depended on access to dead organic substrates such as seed coats, decaying roots, and wounds, including those caused by infecting pathogens. A correlation between the GUS activity of T. harzianum and the biomass of Pythium ultimum in infected roots was established. On the basis of our observations, we suggest that the biocontrol ability of T. harzianum involves competition with the pathogen for substrates including the seed coat, and wounded or infected root tissue.     

Selection of biological control agents for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases in the field

Different screening methods for selection of biological control agents (BCAs), for controlling soil and seed-borne diseases, are discussed. The shortcomings of laboratory methods focused on mechanism of action are discussed and we conclude that these methods should be used with caution if candidates with multifactorial or plant mediated mechanisms of control are to be obtained. In vitro screens may be useful for specific groups of microorganisms, thus, screens for antibiotics may be relevant for Streptomyces spp., and promising results have been obtained using soil plating or precolonized agar methods to screen for mycoparasitism and competitive saprophytic ability. Experience with screening in the Nordic programme Biological control of seed borne diseases in cereals is summarized. Research in the four participating countries – Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark – followed the same paradigm: that of obtaining antagonists, well adapted to different Nordic environments, and developing them as effective BCAs. Potential antagonists were isolated from different sources and in planta screening methods were developed in order to optimize selection of antagonists effective against a range of seed borne pathogens. Screens in the laboratory or greenhouse were followed by screening in the field. The different screening procedures are compared and evaluated.     

日粮中不同锌及维生素A水平对肉仔鸡生产性能、免疫性能和有关酶及激素的影响

以AA肉仔鸡为试验动物 ,采用6×2(Zn×VA)重复实验设计 ,研究了日粮添加不同水平的锌(Zn)(40 ,80 ,120 ,160 ,200和320mg/kg)和维生素A(VA)(2700和8800IU/kg)对生产性能、免疫性能、7周龄血清和肝脏CuZn -SOD活性、血清碱性磷酸酶活性及血清胰岛素浓度的影响。结果表明 ,肉仔鸡对Zn的需要量有阶段性区别 ,前期添加320mg/kg,后期添加80～120mg/kg能获得较好的生产性能和免疫性能。VA的添加量为2700IU/kg 时前后期的生产性能均较佳。日粮Zn水平对血清CuZn -SOD的影响极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn水平为80～160mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平对肝脏CuZn -SOD的影响接近显著水平 ,Zn水平为160～200mg/kg 时活性最大 ;日粮Zn水平、VA水平及二者的交互作用对血清碱性磷酸酶活性的影响均极显著(P<0.01) ,Zn的添加水平为80mg/kg时 ,酶活性最大 ,日粮高水平VA(8800IU/kg)使酶活性显著增加(P<0.01)。日粮Zn及VA水平对血清胰岛素浓度均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。高Zn(320mg/kg)使胰岛素浓度明显升高 ,高VA明显抑制了胰岛素浓度     

论农业产业化的根本出路在于农业企业化

农业产业化是当前“三农”问题研究的重要内容之一。分析了农业产业化中存在的问题,即缺少企业家资源、缺少组织生产体系、缺少严格的质量控制体系、缺少品牌策划与市场营销、缺少竞争力、缺少科学发展观的指导、缺少企业化,最根本的是缺少价值链的链接;指出农业企业化的核心就是形成以利益为中心的产业链,在各个环节之间要形成以利润为润滑剂的产业链,也就是使产业链转化为价值链,这样的产业化才会有长远的生命力,而利润的来源在于市场、技术、管理、制度。结合南京远望富硒农产品有限责任公司案例,提出了8项对策,核心是农业产业化的根本出路在于农业企业化。     

实用主义的基本精神与中国传统文化的实用理性

实用主义是第一个在美国土生土长的哲学，最充分地体现了美国人求实、行动、重视效果、开拓进取的民族精神。中国传统文化的实用理性同样具有极端重视现实实用的特点。木文从论述实用主义哲学产生的社会历史条件和理论渊源出发，阐明了实用主义的基木精神，并进而探讨实用主义的基木精神与我国传统文化的实用理性之间的关系。     

构建科技信息优势的有效途径－用户教育

科研用户的信息素养是开展科研工作的基础，要提高国家的科技竞争能力，实现科技跨越，就必须首先形成科技信息优势。范围广、内容新、系统、全面的用户教育，是提高科研人员信息素养、促进科技创新的最基本、也最能见效的工作。

     

词汇的联想意义及其语用功能

本文阐述了联想意义的概念及其研究溯源。联想意义是进入话语实现其交际功能的心理学基础，具有十分重要的价值。很多话语，只有结合具体的语境，在联想的基础上，才能推导出其会话意义。     

大学英语教学中的文化教学

语言是构成文化的主要元素,是传承文化的载体,语言与文化相互之间互为作用,有着密切的联系。在我们以往的大学英语教学中,一直都存在重视语言技能,而放松文化教学的现象。简单地把语言学习作为普通的词汇和语法方面的学习,忽视了文化的重要作用。文章结合实际教学,从四个层面对大学英语教学中的文化教学进行探讨。